Guiding questions:
- What does design thinking mean when applied to “Modern Art” and the European Avant Garde?
- What does it mean when design leads vs. follows other cultural trends?
- How does Zeitgeist influence, or is effected by, design thinking?
CUBISM (fragmentation, multi-view, subdued color) the art movement which influence all of art and design movements which have followed
Guillaume Apollinaire—(Calligrames)
PRE-FUTURISM
Poesia magazine is the foreplay before the birth of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti‘s Futurism. And so, in 1905 in Milan, he founded Poesia, which quickly became his first of many offspring in the battle for free verse and then the Futurist credo to change the conventions of art and culture.
Marinetti was devoted to literature. He advocated symbolist and romantic poetry in Italy (hence the symbolist artwork that adorned every copy of Poesia). And fancied himself a member of elite Italian literary circles. On February 20, 1909, published in Le Figaro the Fondazione e Manifesto of Futurism (Founding and Manifesto of Futurism), Marinetti assumed the role of the most important Futurist as organizer, polemicist, financier, editor,artist, poet and writer.
WORDS IN FREEDOM
FUTURISM or CUBO-FUTURISM (dynamism, motion and movement, loud powerful machine; locomotive, race cars, airplanes)—Italian
Giacoma Balla—“Dynamism of a dog on a Leash”
G. Balla Dynamism of a Dog On a Leash
Unberto Boccioni—“The City Rises”
Carlos Cara—free word painting
Fortunato Depero—The Bolted Book
DADA, (hobbyhorse, nonsense, anti-war, anti-art)
Switzerland, (ZURICH), Germany, (Berlin), U.S. (New York), France, (Paris)
Sophie Taeuber-Arp
Marcel Duchamp—readymades,
BERLIN DADA (social political messages)
Kurt Schwitters — MERZ (commerce) collage
Hannah Hoch—collage
Max Earnst
George Grosz
Max Beckman
John Heartfield—Helmut Herzfelde, political & social protest, collage
Otto Dix
SUPRAMATISM
Russia
Kasimir Malevich— absolute geometric abstraction
Mikhail Larionov
Natalia Goncharova
El Lissitzky—Beat the Whites with the red Wedge
CONSTRUCTIVISM (asembling the page ayout like constructing a building)
Russia
El Lissitzky — PROUN—the great constructor, “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge”
Alexander Rodchenko—experimental layout and photography
Vladimir Tatlin—Monument to the 3rd International (tower)
Naum Gabo, & Anton Pevsner—sculptors (brothers )
DE STIJL (the style, neo Plasticism)
Holand
Piet Mondrian—red, blue, yellow squares surrounded with heavy black line
Theo Van Doesburg
Piet Zwart—typography and photomontage
BAUHAUS becomes known as the Swiss style after the war (form follows function, structure, organization unified design, non-decorative, sans serif type).
Founded in 1919, the Bauhaus brought together artists, architects, and designers in a collaborative spirit to reassess modern life. Bauhaus set the stage by revising the formation of the line, reevaluating color theory, and reexamining the composition. These explorative studies resulted in innovations that set the standard for modern life today.
Germany
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy—photomontage
Mies van der Rohe—architecture, the glass box
Oskar Schlemmer—2nd bauhaus logo
Kandinsky—mystical and spiritual abstract painting
Walter Gropius—architecture, chicago skyscraper
Paul Klee—spontaneity, child-like drawing
Joseph Albers—color theory
Joost Schmidt—Bauhaus at Weimar poster
Jan Tschichold—(The new Typography, lines of continuity)
Herbert Bayer—lowercase only
ART DECO (streamline style, or decorative style)
France (Paris), Belgium, (Brussels), U.S. (New York)
A.M. Cassandré—travel posters for French rail lines and Dutch steamship company
Graphic Design Thoughts 